the coldest place in the universe

The earth's environment is suitable for human survival and the existence of liquid water is allowed. The main reason is that the earth can receive the sun's radiation, there is frequent movement inside the earth, and the surface is protected by the atmosphere. Without these necessary conditions in space, the temperature is naturally extremely low. According to the laws of physics, absolute zero is minus 273.15 degrees Celsius (or can also be recorded as 0 Kelvin), which is a state that cannot be achieved in theory. Even in seemingly empty space, the temperature is higher than absolute zero. The Cosmic Microwave Background (Cosmic Microwave Background) that permeates the universe makes the average temperature in space reach 2.725 Kelvin. So where is the coldest place in the universe? To reach extremely low temperatures close to absolute zero, careful design is required. Humans have created the lowest known temperature in the universe in a laboratory on the surface of the earth, and even lower temperatures may soon appear on the International Space Station in the Earth’s orbit. (International Space Station), this also marks another advancement in human exploration of the nature of matter.

The common material forms are solid, liquid and gaseous. In fact, under some extreme conditions, matter will show more peculiar states. For example, under extremely low temperature conditions, certain specific atoms will assume a state closer to a "wave" in the description of quantum mechanics. In the 1920s, Indian physicists Satyendra Nath Bose (Satyendra Nath Bose) and Einstein made a prediction that the boson atom (according to Bose statistics, there can be multiple atoms in Atoms of the same energy state) at a temperature close to absolute zero will present a gaseous, superfluid state of matter. This ideal state of matter is called Bose-Einstein condensate (Bose –Einstein condensate).